Japanese Literature

Stephanie Buff

Japanese Literature

October 30

As an English major subjected to the study of various genres of American Literature, the foundation and role of Japanese literature in society is an area of interest. After researching the origins of Japanese literature, it became evident that various external cultural influences are deeply rooted in Japan’s literature. “Early works of Japanese literature were heavily influenced by cultural contact with China and Chinese literature, often written in Classic Chinese”. This parallels much of the old English literature that was transcribed from Latin, most specifically in Medieval times. Furthermore, “Indian literature also had an influence through the diffusion of Buddhism in Japan”. Even with these outside influences, Japan eventually developed a separate style. However, the influence of Chinese Literature and the Classic Chinese style remained prevalent until the end of what was known as the Edo period, which is specified as the years between 1603 and 1868. In a more modern sense, “since Japan reopened its ports to Western trading and diplomacy in the 19^th century” Western and Eastern literature have affected each other, and have continued to do so until the present. The overarching genres of Japan’s literature can most easily be divided into six periods.

The first genre of literature is described as “Ancient Literature”. This period continued until 794. The most identifiable aspect of this period came from the Japanese writing system, or lack there of. “Before the introduction of kanji from China, Japanese had no writing system.” Essentially, Chinese characters were used in Japanese syntactical formats, giving writing Chinese appearance, but being read phonetically as Japanese language. “Chinese characters were further adapted, creating what is known as manyogana, the earliest form of kana, or syllabic writing.” The earliest Japanese works were created in what was known as the Nara period (710-794). Works during this “Ancient Literature” period include, Kojiki, Nihon Shoki and Manyoshu, a poetic anthology. Ancient Literature was followed by what is know as Classic literature.

Classic Literature existed between 794 and 1185. Classic works were produced during the Heian Period, which is referred to as the golden era of art and literature. For example, Genji Monogatari (early 11^th century), a work written by Murasaki Shikibu, may be considered the pre-eminent masterpiece of Heian fiction and an early example of a work of fiction in the format of a novel. Poetic anthologies, like, Kokin Wakashu, mark the Classic period as well. Furthermore, the Japanese narrative known as Taketori Monogatari, is considered one of the earliest examples of photo-science fiction. The tale involves extraterrestrial life and incorporates a princess protagonist. Following this period, Medieval literature pursued.

Medieval literature spanned from 1185 to 1603. Historically, this time was defined by multiple civil wars that led to the development of warrior class. This made war tales a prominent topic of literature. Insights into topics of life and death also dominate this period. The Tale of the Heike is a work representative of Medieval Literature. Linked verse and theater became prominent during this time as well. Early Modern Literature followed the Medieval genre.

Early Modern Literature (1603-1868) accompanied a time of historical and political peace in Japan, a time known as the Tokugawa Period. Rising literacy rates placed a larger emphasis on written works during the 17^th and 18^th century. Genres of the time included horror, crime stories, morality tales, comedy and pornographic works. Literature continued to be published in Chinese during the Early Modern time.

Modern Literature is the final period of marked literature. The period extended from 1868-1945. European literature became a domineering influence on Japanese writing, and became modernized with the period of marked rapid industrialization. Free verse was introduced into poetic repertoire. Works began incorporating new intellectual based themes. English concepts like romantic works began appearing as well. Even types of English Enlightenment literature became evident.

Discussion Question:

1.     Would you argue that Japanese literature has its own style, or is a sole product of external influences?