Video Conference 2

Stephanie Buff

Video Conference #2

The second videoconference contained very effective small group discussions. My small group members from our class were Kellyann, Melanie and Tim. During the first discussion, Johan from Sweden joined us. During the second discussion, Erik joined us. With Johan, we discussed Cool Japan and the general nature of pop culture in Japan. Subsequently, with Erik, Cute Japan was the topic for conversation.

When discussing Cool Japan, the conversation began with all of us admitting that we had not heard of Cool Japan. Johan began the discussion by providing insight into what he thought Cool Japan might be, just referring to a kind of marketable concept of popular culture. During our discussion, Kellyann sent us all an article describing what Cool Japan is, which we determined was similar to Jonah’s insight. I referred to the Cool Japan slide, which mentioned that a “Cool Japan Conference”, would be held at the given date. In my opinion, I said that this indicated that “Cool Japan” is not just a regular popular culture, but also rather an actual concrete marketing ploy, that seems internationally aimed. Melanie contributed a few ideas, about Cool Japan as well. This provided a seg-way for me to ask if anyone knew any Japanese music. Kellyann, Tim and Johan all agreed that the music generally has a techno-type base, and Johan continued to comment that a lot of “boy band” type of music exists. We paralleled the music industry with America, which markets attractive boy bands like “One Direction”, not necessarily just based on talent, but also because of aesthetic appeal. The idea of aesthetics became the topic for our next conversation about Cute Japan.

The slide on Cute Japan caused Melanie to talk a great deal about anime and Japanese video games. She made some great points about the cute appeal of the animated Japanese characters. Hello Kitty seemed to be a very relatable object of cute Japan, because it is well marketed in America. I continued to bring up, and reflect on the idea that marketing is all about mass appeal. I thought about objects of American marketing, which immediately made me think of “Barbie”.  Consequently, discussion about cultural aesthetic appeal ensued. I presented the concept of American appeal taking a more “sexy” approach, where as Japan may find  a “cute” approach more appealing. Upon reflecting on this idea, it is obvious that what is considered attractive may differ between cultures. Indicating that beauty is a cultural determination.

The small group discussion during our videoconferences catalyzed relevant and substantial conversations about cultural differentials. The topic of “popular culture” was an excellent category to spark meaningful conversations. 

Japanese Immigration

Stephanie Buff

Japanese Immigration Policy

             My studies apart from AS150 have prompted focus on the United States immigration policy. Furthermore, motives, and circumstances of immigrants have become. Appropriately, I became interested in Japan’s regulatory policies. The Japan Times released an article on March 6 2012, focusing on Japan’s reformed immigration system. The visa regime incorporates a “points system”, designed to attract 2,000 non-Japanese immigrants.

            The objectives of the system include the attraction of a specific demographic of immigrants. This demographic includes individuals with “high salaries, impeccable educational and vocational pedigrees, specialized technical knowledge and excellent managerial/administrative skills.” (Arudou). Preferential visas are given to those considered prestigious. The articles describe these people as “lucky foreign millionaire Ph.Ds” (Ardou). The preferential visa includes “five- year visas, fast-tracking to permanent residency, work status for spouses, and even visas to bring their parents and “hired housekeepers” along.” (Arudou).

            Those preferred individuals are determined with the “Justice Ministry’s qualifying scale”. One must score seventy points on the qualifying scale. The scale is tough and even includes a sliding element according to the individuals’ circumstance. Interestingly, Japanese language ability has a low weight on the qualifying scale.

            The system outlined by Ardou in the article “Japan’s revolving-door immigration policy hard-wired to fail”, contrasts the American system greatly. Contrastingly ideas like those of Japan should bring topic for discussion in the U.S system.

Discussion Questions:

1.     Do you feel that this system of immigration has more benefits than the US policy?

Do you feel that the immigration system is unjust in Japan

Becoming a Geisha

Stephanie Buff

Becoming a Geisha: BBC documentary

Reaction Paper

November 13, 2012

Becoming a Geisha is a captivating documentary that follows Yukina, a fifteen year-old Japanese girl, through the process of becoming a geisha. The concept of geisha entertainment and training is interesting and provides insight into the priorities and values of Japanese culture. It is evident from the documentary that a geisha is a revered figure of Japanese society. This honor is not given lightly, and the dedication of those pursuing a career as a geisha is admirable.

The documentary depicts Yukina’s progression through the process of becoming a geisha. During the documentary, Yukina is a “Maiko”, which is essentially an apprentice. The apprenticeship begins in the early teenage years. Specifically, Yukina is fifteen years old. Because of the commitment required to be a Maiko, Yukina is not enrolled in school. One scene that especially expresses the commitment required to become a geisha was when Yukina stayed awake until two in the morning waiting for her geisha sister to return from work. Yukina described the lack of sleep required for the job, and the hours of training that are required to complete Maiko training. This level of dedication even eliminates the possibility of dating for those intending to become a geisha professionally. Furthermore, the profession intrudes deeper into personal life by removing young girls from their families for training. The documentary specified that Yukina had not seen her family in sixth months since beginning her training.

A few more aspects of geisha culture that surprised me were the frequency of haircuts, which was specified as five to seven times per week. Another staggering quantitative value was relating to the number of kimonos in a geisha’s wardrobe. Apparently, the average number of kimonos’ in a wardrobe is forty. Additionally, I was unaware of the sexual connotation that accompanies the geisha’s job. Becoming a Geisha was a very enlightening documentary.

Departures Reaction

Departures Film Reaction

Stephanie Buff

November 5

Departures was a tastefully made film that captures many sentiments of death. The nature of the film paired with Daigo’s acquired profession of preparing the dead forces viewers to consider the process of death. Culturally, Japanese mourning and departure practices are revealed, which is the most relevant point of the film. It was particularly interesting to note the similarities between Japanese and American funeral customs, including the popularity of cremation, and the mutual concept of an observatory wake. However, the most interesting aspect of the film from a personal standpoint was not a result of the cultural aspect of Departures.

            Personally, considering Daigo’s job had an enormous effect on the way I consider death and mourning. After having attended open casket wakes, it is almost disturbing to consider that a person makes a living preparing the deceased for viewing. The scene where Daigo realizes that he is holding a scent of death on the bus is somewhat disturbing in my opinion. I have an increased respect for those who work to make wakes a pleasing mourning experience. As emotionally effective as wakes can be, the proper presentation is important for the concept of closure. Daigo’s love of music and the breathtaking scenery in the film helped to highlight the beauty in life in death, even when emotions are often dark.

            Relating more to the relevant aspect of the cultural elements of departures, it was interesting to see the funeral practices in the film. The dress was black to symbolize morning much like American mourning practices. Furthermore, the different scenes where dinner was taking place, showcased Japanese food traditions that we have been learning about. 

Japanese Literature

Stephanie Buff

Japanese Literature

October 30

As an English major subjected to the study of various genres of American Literature, the foundation and role of Japanese literature in society is an area of interest. After researching the origins of Japanese literature, it became evident that various external cultural influences are deeply rooted in Japan’s literature. “Early works of Japanese literature were heavily influenced by cultural contact with China and Chinese literature, often written in Classic Chinese”. This parallels much of the old English literature that was transcribed from Latin, most specifically in Medieval times. Furthermore, “Indian literature also had an influence through the diffusion of Buddhism in Japan”. Even with these outside influences, Japan eventually developed a separate style. However, the influence of Chinese Literature and the Classic Chinese style remained prevalent until the end of what was known as the Edo period, which is specified as the years between 1603 and 1868. In a more modern sense, “since Japan reopened its ports to Western trading and diplomacy in the 19^th century” Western and Eastern literature have affected each other, and have continued to do so until the present. The overarching genres of Japan’s literature can most easily be divided into six periods.

The first genre of literature is described as “Ancient Literature”. This period continued until 794. The most identifiable aspect of this period came from the Japanese writing system, or lack there of. “Before the introduction of kanji from China, Japanese had no writing system.” Essentially, Chinese characters were used in Japanese syntactical formats, giving writing Chinese appearance, but being read phonetically as Japanese language. “Chinese characters were further adapted, creating what is known as manyogana, the earliest form of kana, or syllabic writing.” The earliest Japanese works were created in what was known as the Nara period (710-794). Works during this “Ancient Literature” period include, Kojiki, Nihon Shoki and Manyoshu, a poetic anthology. Ancient Literature was followed by what is know as Classic literature.

Classic Literature existed between 794 and 1185. Classic works were produced during the Heian Period, which is referred to as the golden era of art and literature. For example, Genji Monogatari (early 11^th century), a work written by Murasaki Shikibu, may be considered the pre-eminent masterpiece of Heian fiction and an early example of a work of fiction in the format of a novel. Poetic anthologies, like, Kokin Wakashu, mark the Classic period as well. Furthermore, the Japanese narrative known as Taketori Monogatari, is considered one of the earliest examples of photo-science fiction. The tale involves extraterrestrial life and incorporates a princess protagonist. Following this period, Medieval literature pursued.

Medieval literature spanned from 1185 to 1603. Historically, this time was defined by multiple civil wars that led to the development of warrior class. This made war tales a prominent topic of literature. Insights into topics of life and death also dominate this period. The Tale of the Heike is a work representative of Medieval Literature. Linked verse and theater became prominent during this time as well. Early Modern Literature followed the Medieval genre.

Early Modern Literature (1603-1868) accompanied a time of historical and political peace in Japan, a time known as the Tokugawa Period. Rising literacy rates placed a larger emphasis on written works during the 17^th and 18^th century. Genres of the time included horror, crime stories, morality tales, comedy and pornographic works. Literature continued to be published in Chinese during the Early Modern time.

Modern Literature is the final period of marked literature. The period extended from 1868-1945. European literature became a domineering influence on Japanese writing, and became modernized with the period of marked rapid industrialization. Free verse was introduced into poetic repertoire. Works began incorporating new intellectual based themes. English concepts like romantic works began appearing as well. Even types of English Enlightenment literature became evident.

Discussion Question:

1.     Would you argue that Japanese literature has its own style, or is a sole product of external influences?

Tsunami Reaction

Tsunami Video Reaction

Following the shocking footage of the tsunami in Japan, showing the destruction of entire neighborhoods and floating vehicles, I decided to do further research on the natural disaster. The mass natural destruction occurred in March 2011. Casualties amounted to twenty- eight thousand. This incorporated those who were considered dead or missing following the tsunami.

One of the most shocking facts about the natural disaster was the penetration of an eighteen-foot wall by force of water. The creation of such powerful waves resulted from the shift of tectonic plates. Apparently, approximately “eighty percent of tsunamis happen within the Pacific Ocean’s “Ring of Fire”, a geologically active area where tectonic shifts make volcanoes and earthquakes common.” The force of a tsunamis waves results from their five hundred mile per hour speed, comparable to the speed of a jet plane. These waves come in series, often referred to as a wave train, compounding the destructive force of the disaster.

Pictures in Miyako Japan effectively display a visual of the waves penetrating the sea wall and rushing over a highway. These pictures of the tsunami waves were taken shortly after a magnitude 9.0 earthquake had shook the region. The wall of water is further depicted in photos at the height of houses, destroying every building in it’s path.

Even by May of 2011, photos of the tsunami’s destruction were still available. Now, at the 2012 one year anniversary, the Japanese government has made much progress with reparations, but like New Orleans and the destruction it faced following hurricane Katrina, much reparation and government attention is still needed.

http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2012/03/pictures/120309-japan-tsunami-earthquake-anniversary-fukushima/#/japan-earthquake-tsunami-before-after-boat-before_49801_600x450.jpg

Discussion Questions:

1.     Do you think that the Japanese government is giving enough attention to the affects of the tsunami?

2.     Do you think that the effects of this national disaster are comparable to Hurricane Katrina?

Do you think events like these strengthen or weaken a n

Japanese Government

Stephanie Buff

Japanese Government

October 15 2012

The structure of the Japanese government has become a point of interest for me, especially in light of the United States election dominating the media. Before doing research, I was completely unaware of how the Japanese government is structured. I discovered that the current federal system is a result of the constitution that was promulgated in 1946 during the occupation by allied powers. Essentially, the government is sectioned into three branches. The branches are the legislature, executive, and judiciary, matching the United states.

            The Japanese legislature consists of a parliament called “the Diet”. The Diet was first convened as the Imperial Diet in 1889 as a result of Japan’s adoption of the Meji constitution. It now consists of the House of Representatives and the House of Councillors. The House of Representatives has 480 members and the House of Councillors has 242 members. The House of Representatives is referred to as a lower house, and the House of Councillors is considered the upper house. The Diet is responsible for passing laws, and additionally responsible for selecting the Prime Minisiter. All members are selected on an election basis.

            The executive branch of government contains a cabinet, which is lead by a Prime Minister. Currently, the Japanese prime minister is Yoshihiko Noda. He is appointed by the, “Emperor of Japan” after being selected by the Diet. The emperor is a ceremonial figurehead, and is considered “the symbol of the state and of the unity of the people”. The Emperor does not have legitimate power in the Japanese government, and only exists as a symbolic figure. The executive cabinet consists of the ministers appointed by the Prime minister. The cabinet members are usually members of the legislative Diet as well.

Lastly, the Judiciary branch incorporates the Japanese court system. The highest court is the Supreme Court. Aside from the Supreme Court, there ate district courts, high courts, family courts, and summary courts. The court’s judges are appointed by the executive cabinet. The slogan, “All judges shall be independent in the exercise of their conscience and shall be bound only by this constitution and the Laws”, is a foundation for the entirety of the Judicial branch. Judiciaries may not be removed from the bench unless deemed mentally of physically incompetent.

Elections are another aspect of the Japanese Government. The minimum voting age in Japan is 20 years old. Furthermore, women have been given the right to vote in elections by the new constitution. Elections for the House of Representatives take place every four years and half of the House of Councillors are elected every three years. In addition to national elections, prefectural and municipal elections occur as well.

The Japanese government functions off of a branched system that implements “Checks and Balances”, to distribute power evenly, much like the United States. I was surprised by the similarities between governments, especially since other Asian governments are associated with communist basis. Personally, I find the position of emperor extraneous in Japan, and this is one obvious difference between American and Japanese government.

Discussion Questions:

1.     Do you think that the position of emperor is necessary?

2.     Are you surprised by the structure of the Japanese government?

http://www.japan-guide.com/e/e2136.html

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Diet

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judicial_system_of_Japan

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Japan